Dental Nation
Treatment guide

Oral Cancer Screening

Screening checks the mouth for abnormal tissue before symptoms, while an abnormal finding leads to diagnostic tests rather than confirming cancer.

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The short answer

Oral cancer screening checks the mouth for abnormal tissue before symptoms appear, and an abnormal finding leads to diagnostic testing rather than confirming cancer.

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Oral Cancer Screening dental educational illustration

What is it?

Screening and diagnostic testing are different steps
StepWhat it means
ScreeningScreening looks for cancer before a person has symptoms.[3]
An abnormal screening resultFurther diagnostic tests may be needed to find out whether cancer is present.[3]

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Who needs it?

Screening is intended for people without symptoms. A routine check-up may include looking in the mouth for lesions, including white or red patches that can become cancerous.

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An examination that finds a lesion does not mean cancer is present. Diagnostic tests are used when an abnormal screening result needs clarification.

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Does it hurt?

Screening is an examination that looks for abnormal tissue. If a lesion is seen, diagnostic procedures can include a blue dye, special light, a gentle cell scrape, or a brush biopsy.

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Is it safe?

An abnormal screening result does not prove cancer. Diagnostic testing is used to clarify what an abnormal result means.

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Screening tests are studied for their potential benefits and harms, including whether early detection can improve outcomes.

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How long does it last?

Screening looks for abnormal tissue before symptoms develop. When an abnormal result is found, further tests may be needed to establish what it is.

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The purpose of screening is early detection before symptoms, rather than waiting for changes in the mouth to cause symptoms.

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What happens during the procedure?

During a routine check-up, the mouth may be examined for lesions such as leukoplakia and erythroplakia. If a lesion is present, a clinician may use dye or light, collect cells by scraping or brush biopsy, and examine the cells under a microscope.

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What is recovery like?

After an abnormal screening result, diagnostic tests may be needed to find out whether cancer is present.

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Tests that may follow an abnormal mouth lesion
TestWhat happens
Toluidine blue or fluorescence stainingA lesion is coated with blue dye or viewed with special light to distinguish abnormal from normal tissue.[3]
Exfoliative cytology or brush biopsyCells are collected from the lesion and viewed under a microscope for abnormalities.[3]

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What are the alternatives?

There are no standard or routine screening tests for oral cavity and nasopharyngeal cancers. When a mouth lesion is seen, testing may use dye, fluorescence, cell scraping, or a brush biopsy to investigate abnormal tissue.

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What should you expect?

Screening may find an abnormal area before symptoms, but an abnormal result is a reason for diagnostic tests, not a cancer diagnosis. Finding disease early can make it easier to treat in some cancers.

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When cells are collected from a mouth lesion, they are examined under a microscope to check whether they are abnormal.

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A routine check-up may include looking in the oral cavity for lesions, including abnormal white or red patches.

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Frequently asked questions

Does an abnormal oral cancer screening result mean I have cancer?

No. An abnormal result may require diagnostic tests to find out whether cancer is present.

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