Periodontitis

Bleeding, swollen or tender gums, persistent bad breath, and changes in tooth stability can occur. Symptoms alone cannot show the condition of the supporting tissues.

It usually starts when poor brushing and flossing allow bacterial plaque to build up and harden. Untreated gingivitis can progress as plaque spreads below the gum line and its toxins trigger chronic inflammation.

Stages run from initial to severe and describe disease severity. Grades describe the rate of progression and the expected response to treatment.

Smoking and diabetes are named contributors to gum disease. Plaque that remains near the teeth is the underlying problem that allows infection and inflammation to continue.

Assessment includes examining inflamed gums and measuring pockets with a probe. Healthy pockets are usually 1 to 3 millimetres; deeper pockets can signal periodontal disease, and X-rays can show bone loss.

Treatment aims to control infection. The number and type of treatments depend on the extent of disease, alongside daily home care and stopping smoking where relevant.

Treatment can range in type and number as disease becomes more extensive. Ongoing daily care at home is part of every treatment approach.

As pockets deepen, more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. Teeth can become loose, fall out, or need removal; chewing can become painful.

Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, clean between teeth regularly, have routine check-ups and professional cleanings, and quit smoking.