Odontoclasia

Tooth decay is a multifactorial disease that demineralises teeth and forms areas of decay. Plaque bacteria depend on carbohydrates and create acids that dissolve calcium salts in tooth structure.

Enamel is made before eruption and the cells that make it die after eruption, so enamel cannot be remade. Dentin forms the bulk of the tooth, while cementum covers the roots.

Falls, sports injuries, traffic accidents and physical violence can cause traumatic dental injuries. Regular intake of fermentable carbohydrates supports the plaque bacteria involved in decay.

Dental infections are often recognised from the history and physical examination, with local pain or swelling common in early infection. A tooth may become yellow, grey, brown or black as pulp necrosis develops.

A reversible pulpitis caused by caries is treated by removing carious tissue and placing a restoration. Dental emergencies require prompt care to relieve pain or bleeding and prevent serious complications.

Early caries can be reversed with preventive care and remineralisation. When decay has caused loss of tooth structure, the tooth must be filled and rebuilt.

Untreated dental emergencies can become very painful, spread to deep spaces of the neck and facial sinuses, or compromise the airway. Dental caries can lead to abscess, cellulitis and osteomyelitis.

Custom mouthguards reduce traumatic dental injuries in contact sports. Daily toothbrushing, flossing and fluoride use help control plaque and reduce dental caries risk.